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Clinicians in relapse prevention programs and the field of clinical psychology as a whole point out that relapse occurs only after a long-term pattern of specific feelings, thoughts, and behavior. Lapses are, however, a major risk factor for relapse as well as overdose and other potential social, personal, and legal consequences of drug or alcohol abuse. https://ecosoberhouse.com/ The abstinence violation effect (AVE) describes the tendency of people recovering from addiction to spiral out of control when they experience even a minor relapse. The RP model developed by Marlatt [7,16] provides both a conceptual framework for understanding relapse and a set of treatment strategies designed to limit relapse likelihood and severity.
Establishing lapse management plans can aid the client in self-correcting soon after a slip, and cognitive restructuring can help clients to re-frame the meaning of the event and minimize the AVE [24]. A final emphasis in the RP approach is the global intervention of lifestyle balancing, designed to target more pervasive factors that can function as relapse antecedents. For example, clients can be encouraged to increase their engagement in rewarding or stress-reducing activities into their daily routine. Overall, the RP model is characterized by a highly ideographic treatment approach, a contrast to the “one size fits all” approach typical of certain traditional treatments. Moreover, an emphasis on post-treatment maintenance renders RP a useful adjunct to various treatment modalities (e.g., cognitive-behavioral, twelve step programs, pharmacotherapy), irrespective of the strategies used to enact initial behavior change. A basic assumption is that relapse events are immediately preceded by a high-risk situation, broadly defined as any context that confers vulnerability for engaging in the target behavior.
From this standpoint, urges/cravings are labeled as transient events that need not be acted upon reflexively. This approach is exemplified by the “urge surfing” technique [115], whereby clients are taught to view urges as analogous to an ocean wave that rises, crests, and diminishes. Rather than being overwhelmed by the wave, the goal is to “surf” its crest, attending to thoughts and sensations as the urge peaks and subsides. Initial evidence suggests that implicit measures of expectancies are correlated with relapse outcomes, as demonstrated in one study of heroin users [61].
Relative to the TAU group, the VM group reported significantly lower levels of substance use and alcohol-related consequences and improved psychosocial functioning at follow-up [116]. A key contribution of the reformulated relapse model is to highlight the need for non-traditional assessment and analytic approaches to better understand relapse. Most studies of relapse rely on statistical methods that assume continuous linear relationships, but these methods may be inadequate for studying a behavior characterized by discontinuity and abrupt changes [33].
Cognitive-behavioral theories also diverged from disease models in rejecting the notion of relapse as a dichotomous outcome. Rather than being viewed as a state or endpoint signaling treatment failure, relapse is considered a fluctuating process that begins prior to and extends beyond the return to the target behavior [8,24]. From this standpoint, an initial return to the target behavior after a period of volitional abstinence (a lapse) is seen not as a dead end, but as a fork in the road. While a lapse might prompt a full-blown relapse, another possible outcome is that the problem behavior is corrected and the desired behavior re-instantiated–an event referred to as prolapse. A critical implication is that rather than signaling a failure in the behavior change process, lapses can be considered temporary setbacks that present opportunities for new learning to occur. In viewing relapse as a common (albeit undesirable) event, emphasizing contextual antecedents over internal causes, and distinguishing relapse from treatment failure, the RP model introduced a comprehensive, flexible and optimistic alternative to traditional approaches.
First, in the context of pharmacotherapy interventions, relevant genetic variations can impact drug pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, thereby moderating treatment response (pharmacogenetics). Second, the likelihood of abstinence following a behavioral or pharmacological intervention can be moderated by genetic influences on metabolic processes, receptor activity/expression, and/or incentive value specific to the addictive substance in question. Third, variants implicated in broad traits relevant for addictive behaviors–for instance, executive cognitive functioning (e.g., abstinence violation effect COMT) or externalizing traits (e.g., GABRA2, DRD4)–could influence relapse proneness via general neurobehavioral mechanisms, irrespective of drug class or treatment modality. Most notably, we provide a recent update of the RP literature by focusing primarily on studies conducted within the last decade. We also provide updated reviews of research areas that have seen notable growth in the last few years; in particular, the application of advanced statistical modeling techniques to large treatment outcome datasets and the development of mindfulness-based relapse prevention.
His therapist identified strategies to enhance his motivation, to help him engage in therapy, deal with craving, reducing social anxiety, assertiveness and beliefs and positive expectancies about alcohol use, and confidence or sense of self-efficacy in remaining abstinent. Cognitive restructuring, or reframing, is used throughout the RP treatment process to assist clients in modifying their attributions for and perceptions of the relapse process. In particular, cognitive restructuring is a critical component of interventions to lessen the abstinence violation effect. Thus, clients are taught to reframe their perception of lapses—to view them not as failures or indicators of a lack of willpower but as mistakes or errors in learning that signal the need for increased planning to cope more effectively in similar situations in the future. This perspective considers lapses key learning opportunities resulting from an interaction between coping and situational determinants, both of which can be modified in the future.
This finding was later extended in the COMBINE study, such that G carriers showed a greater proportion of days abstinent and a lower proportion of heavy drinking days compared in response to NTX versus placebo, whereas participants homozygous for the A allele did not show a significant medication response [93]. Moreover, 87.1% of G allele carriers who received NTX were classified as having a good clinical outcome at study endpoint, versus 54.5% of Asn40 homozygotes who received NTX. (Moderating effects of OPRM1 were specific to participants receiving medication management without the cognitive-behavioral intervention [CBI] and were not evident in participants receiving NTX and CBI).
About 26% of all U.S. treatment episodes end by individuals leaving the treatment program prior to treatment completion (SAMHSA, 2019b). Studies which have interviewed participants and staff of SUD treatment centers have cited ambivalence about abstinence as among the top reasons for premature treatment termination (Ball, Carroll, Canning-Ball, & Rounsaville, 2006; Palmer, Murphy, Piselli, & Ball, 2009; Wagner, Acier, & Dietlin, 2018). One study found that among those who did not complete an abstinence-based (12-Step) SUD treatment program, ongoing/relapse to substance use was the most frequently-endorsed reason for leaving treatment early (Laudet, Stanick, & Sands, 2009). A recent qualitative study found that concern about missing substances was significantly correlated with not completing treatment (Zemore, Ware, Gilbert, & Pinedo, 2021).
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There is no other metal that can compare to gold, and the influence it has had on human culture is immeasurable. XAUUSD – or ‘gold vs. USD’ – is one of the most popular currency pairs in the forex market. XAUUSD is the abbreviation for the exchange rate of the US dollar to the gold price.
Instead, it allows traders to speculate on the price movements of gold against the US dollar. The mechanics of trading XAUUSD are more akin to currency trading than the direct purchase of a physical commodity. It offers the flexibility of leveraging, the ability to go long or short, and the convenience of trading without worrying about the physical aspects of gold ownership, such as storage and security. For instance, a rising price of gold often signals investor nervousness about the stability of other currencies or the overall health of the global economy.
However, physical gold also comes with its challenges, including storage costs, insurance, and the potential difficulty in liquidating it quickly at market rates. Forex trading is very popular in the financial world, because it offers a chance to trade any time of the day or night with lots of liquidity. It’s where currencies from around the globe are swapped, playing a crucial role in both international trade and offering a playground for traders looking to speculate and make a profit.
Market sentiment influences XAUUSD trading because trader perceptions and speculative activities can significantly affect gold prices and USD value. Positive market sentiment might lead investors away from gold towards riskier assets, lowering gold prices and XAUUSD value. Conversely, negative sentiment or uncertainty often leads investors towards gold as a safe haven, raising its price and the value of XAUUSD. Traders must therefore pay close attention to market mood, news events, and trends to understand and anticipate shifts in XAUUSD price action. Trading XAU/USD offers liquidity and flexibility not found in physical gold investments.
Traders closely observe announcements from the Federal Reserve to adjust their speculative strategies and realign their investments in anticipation of these shifts. In this dynamic environment, staying agile is key to capitalizing on changes that affect xauusd trading. The best time to trade XAUUSD, or gold in the Forex market, is during the overlap of the European and U.S. sessions, from 1 P.M to about 5 P.M GMT. This window offers the highest liquidity and volatility, driven by the increased activity of banks, hedge funds, and multinational corporations, leading to significant price movements. Capitalizing on these hours can provide traders with the most dynamic and potentially profitable opportunities to engage with gold prices as they respond to global economic cues.
Seasoned forex trader John Henry teaches new traders key concepts like divergence, mean reversion, and price action for free, sharing over a decade of market experience and analysis expertise in a clear, practical https://www.forex-world.net/currency-pairs/zar-jpy/ style. Well, the value of XAUUSD is derived from the price of gold because gold is traded around the world in dollars. As we already established, XAUUSD is the abbreviation for the “gold vs. USD” currency pair.
Risk is an inherent part of any trading strategy, particularly within the volatile sphere of forex. In the case of XAUUSD, traders must cultivate a portfolio that balances the potential for profit with the imperative of risk limitation. Employing stop-loss orders, setting take-profit levels, and embracing portfolio diversification are not merely suggestions but necessities for safeguarding one’s investments. It is through the prudent management of these risks that traders can maintain sustainable growth and longevity in the forex market.
XAUUSD’s popularity among traders stems from its unique position at the intersection of commodity and currency markets, acting as a barometer for global economic health. This pairing of gold (XAU) with the U.S. dollar (USD) offers a hedge against inflation and currency devaluation, making it particularly appealing in times of economic uncertainty. In the Forex market, gold is not only a symbol of wealth but also a dynamic instrument for traders, particularly when traded as XAUUSD. This approach allows investors to engage with the gold market’s liquidity and volatility through Contracts for Difference (CFDs), without the traditional concerns of physical gold ownership like storage and insurance. CFDs are a type of financial derivative that lets traders speculate on gold price movements without actually owning the metal. Instead, traders open positions based on whether they believe gold prices will rise or fall, allowing for potential profits in both upward and downward market trends.
These factors are likely to sustain gold’s role as a safe haven asset, potentially increasing demand and volatility in the XAUUSD market. Additionally, as technological advancements continue to streamline trading platforms and analytical tools, accessing and analyzing the gold market is becoming more efficient, attracting new traders to the space. However, traders should remain mindful of the global economic landscape, including interest rate changes and inflation trends, as these can significantly impact gold prices.
Gold has perennially been the standard of wealth, serving as the base of the bygone gold standard monetary system. Contrastingly, the USD, with its strong influence over global markets, presents a fluid counterpart to gold’s steady nature. Together, they form a currency pair that’s both a hedge against monetary devaluation and a barometer of economic confidence. One such https://www.forexbox.info/currency-converter/ critical indicator is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which reflects the overall economic health of a country. An increase in GDP often leads to a stronger USD, putting downward pressure on gold prices, and vice versa. Similarly, employment statistics, revealing the job health index, can prompt swings in USD strength, thereby affecting the xauusd currency pair.
Cultures around the globe were drawn to gold’s natural luster, crafting it into symbols of power and divinity. It was the stuff of legends, adorning pharaohs in Egypt and filling the vaults of Greek temples. Gold was so valuable best forex books for advanced traders that it became the standard for trade, laying the groundwork for economies long before the concept of money as we know it today. In conclusion, exploring the depths of XAUUSD opens a vista of strategic possibilities.
The reason why gold is included in forex trading is because gold is an internationally traded commodity whose price is displayed in the US dollars. It controlled the amount of money a country could print and the value of its national currency. The abbreviation XAUUSD represents the exchange rate of the US dollar to the price of gold. Unlike other abbreviations that indicate the exchange rate of national currency pairs, XAUUSD shows the comparison between the price of a precious metal and the rate of the US dollar. Safety in trading XAU/USD or investing in physical gold ultimately depends on one’s diligence, research, and adherence to prudent investment practices.
This method is especially attractive for those looking to leverage the price fluctuations of gold, driven by global economic indicators, geopolitical tensions, and shifts in supply and demand. Trading gold, particularly through the XAUUSD pair in the Forex market, offers a unique blend of stability and opportunity that attracts a wide range of traders. One of the primary benefits of trading gold is its historical status as a store of value, which can act as a hedge against inflation and currency devaluation. Unlike fiat currencies, gold’s intrinsic value is not subject to the same volatility and economic fluctuations, making it an attractive alternative for portfolio diversification. Looking ahead, the future outlook for XAUUSD trading appears promising, driven by ongoing economic uncertainties, shifts in monetary policies, and geopolitical tensions.
It enables traders to speculate on price movements and hedge against inflation or currency devaluation, all within the familiar infrastructure of Forex trading platforms. Historically, gold has been a symbol of wealth and stability, and its value is influenced by a myriad of factors including economic indicators, geopolitical tensions, and market demand. Trading gold as a currency pair, specifically XAUUSD, offers traders several advantages. Since the value of gold typically rises when the purchasing power of fiat currencies declines, traders can use XAUUSD as a protective measure against currency devaluation. Furthermore, gold’s inherent value and its perception as a ‘safe haven’ during times of economic uncertainty add to its appeal among Forex traders.
To extract to another location in the file system it is best practice to use an absolute path. Extract test_archive.tar into the Music directory. Here we are in the Home directory, and most Linux distributions feature a Music directory which we can extract the archive to.
So we can extract the archive to a sub directory inside a current directory, or we can specify the full path to another location in the file system. Another alternative compression method for a tar archive is bzip2, which is invoked using the j argument. Archives typically end with either a tar.bz2 or tbz suffix.
This error occurs if you try to decompress a file without specifying a decompression utility, specifically -z for gzip. It’s often useful to list the contents of a .tar.gz file without having to unzip the entire archive. The -list (-t) option will output a list of filenames.
Right-click the first result and select the “Run as administrator” option. Once you choose the directory, click the Select button in the top right corner. For more information and to schedule a live demo, contact a hosting expert from Kinsta today.
While slightly different, they are quite lightweight and offer a much simpler alternative to using the command line. You can also use –wildcards to extract all files with a certain extension or name. Otherwise, keep reading to learn how to unzip .tar.gz files in Linux, macOS, and Windows. Extract test_archive.tar to your desktop directory.
Gzip is one of the most popular and available options, especially since it comes built in to most Linux distributions and macOS. While every tar.gz file is a .tar archive, not every .gz is a .tar file. The .gz extension represents the gzip compression format, which can will smith appeared to slap chris rock after he made a joke about smith’s wife be applied to almost any file format to compress data and save space. Though gzip is the most common compression utility, it’s not the only one. As you might imagine, using a different compression utility on a .tar file will result in a different double extension.
Some common examples include .tar.bz2 (bzip2), .tar.br (Brotli), and .tar.zst (zstd), among many others. This error usually occurs when a .tar has been saved as a .gz despite having never been compressed using the gzip utility. From videos to entire software packages, many files are compressed and stored using the .tar.gz format. While extracting a .tar.gz file isn’t quite as easy as unzipping a .zip, it’s still pretty straightforward. Using test_directory as a target we’ll make a standard uncompressed .tar archive. This kind of archive is useful to group small files, such as logs into a single archive.
Another common cause of errors is case sensitivity, where Linux treats “FILE” and “file” as two separate entities. If you want to keep the original file after compression, there are two options. The first is the -k option, and the other uses the -c option to output the compressed file to a different file, preserving the original.
The tar command also provides support for extracting only specific files or directories from a .tar.gz file. Simply add a space-separated list of the files you want to extract. Again, the above commands will extract to the current working directory by default. You can use the -C option to extract to a different directory (in this case, /home/user/files). Of course, that’s not to say .tar files are some kind of “lesser” format than .zip. Rather, they both accomplish the same task (file compression) in the same way.
Compression is added using different tar compression tools which is why you will see tar archives with extra suffixes such as .tar.xz or .tar.gz. Compressing files is a quick and easy way to archive and group files. There are many occasions where archives are useful, a driver download, file backup or Linux distro download. In this how-to we’ll look at various commands to create and extract data from compressed and uncompressed archive files. Like many archive and compression formats, .tar.gz is an effective way to save storage space and make it easier to send large amounts of data. If you plan to distribute and store .tar.gz files on your website, Kinsta’s managed hosting services can help make the most of your space.
Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Choose the directory to extract your files to. The output shows a newly created archive example1.tar.gz. However, while tools like 7-Zip are free, many more “robust” solutions are only available for a price after a trial period. As a result, we recommend sticking to free (but trustworthy) tools or simply using the command line. To access the Windows command line, search for “command prompt” or “cmd” in the search bar.
But with .zip being the easier of the two to use, why use .tar in the first place? As we’ll see in the next section, .tar comes with a few extra features that make it the better compression format for certain files and applications. A “.tar” file is a collection of files compressed into a single file or archive. Short for “Tape ARchive,” the name “TAR” is a throwback to when files were stored on magnetic tape drives. Extracting TAR archives is straightforward. Instead of adding the c argument to create an archive we replace it with the x argument.
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This error occurs when trying to extract specific files or directories from a .tar.gz file using tar. If the command line isn’t your thing, there are plenty a complete beginner’s guide to bitcoin of user-friendly tools available to unzip tar.gz files. You can just as easily unzip the resulting .tar.gz file with the decompress (-d) option.
In this guide, you will learn how to extract or unzip .tar.gz files in Linux. You can open most .tar.gz files using the tar command built in to Linux, macOS, how to buy moonriver token and Windows 10. If you’re not comfortable with the terminal or command line, third-party tools such as 7-Zip offer a more user-friendly alternative.
Though both .zip and .tar.gz archive and compress files, they do so in different ways. In other words, .zip is a collection of compressed files, while .tar.gz is a compressed collection of files. Where .zip files consist of many individually compressed files, .tar files are compressed as a single package, leaving its files uncompressed. In other words, .zip files are a collection of compressed files, while .tar files are a compressed collection of files. To extract a gzip compressed tar archive we need to add the z argument to identify that the archive uses the gzip compression method. A gzip compressed tar archive (tar.gz) is one of many popular compression tools for TAR archives and it is common to find a .